Introduction

In 2016, defense news sources reported that the Army was interested in developing a lightweight ground combat vehicle to accompany Infantry Brigade Combat Teams (IBCTs) and keep them relevant in large-scale combat operations (LSCOs) against a near-peer threat.¹ Originally referred to as a light tank, Army officials named the new concept the Mobile Protected Firepower (MPF); this approach was intended to dissuade servicemembers from viewing it as a tank-like vehicle and then employing it the same way as the M1 Abrams Main Battle Tank (MBT). The development of the MPF presents an opportunity to bridge a capability gap that was created when the M551 Sheridan Armored Reconnaissance/Airborne Assault Vehicle (AR/AAV) retired from service. The M551 had earned admiration for its effective operational capabilities—and disdain for its technical shortcomings. As the MPF meets testing milestones and prepares to integrate into IBCTs, commanders at the brigade level and below must ensure the know-how to employ the platform correctly, or they will face a steep learning curve against adversaries, at the cost of Soldiers’ lives.² The MPF’s tactical and strategic potential can better enable the IBCT to execute its mission set while augmenting its ability to defeat a larger spectrum of enemy capabilities. This paper will exam the purpose, relevant history, utility and future for the MPF to improve its prospects of being used appropriately. 

Why Do We Need the MPF?

The MPF’s purpose is to defeat targets that could compromise the effectiveness of the IBCT. This capability is necessary to defeat enemy prepared positions, to destroy enemy armor vehicles, to close with and destroy enemy forces and to ensure freedom of maneuver and action for the infantry. The plan is for MPFs, by means of organic protection and firepower, to augment the IBCT’s ability to conduct combined arms maneuver with growing technologies. The MPF, with scalable armor packages, provides the IBCT a flexible and tailorable response in contested and various locations to mitigate the enemy’s ability to exploit previous capability gaps within the IBCT. With the addition of a light armored force, IBCTs will see improvement in three different planning factors. First, their ability to provide strategic reliability in facing with motorized or mechanized near-peer threats will be enhanced. Second, they will be better able to respond to increased threats with dedicated firepower. Finally, the lethality of IBCTs will be improved through their gaining an organic combined arms maneuver capability comparable to a Stryker Brigade Combat Team (SBCT) and an Armored Brigade Combat Team (ABCT). 

The MPF provides a unique capability to enable the IBCT to fight as a strategic combined arms team.³ IBCTs use up-armored, High-Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicles (HMMWVs) for mobility and protection, typically armed with a .50 caliber machine gun, Mark 19 Automatic Grenade launcher, or Tube-Launched Optically-Tracked Wire-Guided (TOW) Missile. While this system has proven invaluable over multiple decades of service, it will be increasingly incapable of effectively filling the same role in the next major conflict. Even with Common Remotely Operated Weapon Stations (CROWs) and the Improved Target Acquisition System (ITAS), the HMMWV is outclassed by near-peer formations that utilize air-droppable fighting vehicles with improved fire control systems for fire-on-the-move. These near-peer fighting vehicles are armored, maneuverable and casualty producing; they can mitigate the IBCT’s strategic maneuver significantly. 

Armor Company Teams had been a frequent request from 18th Airborne Corps prior to 2018; this would consist of a company team of mechanized infantry and tanks accompanying an IBCT for a Joint Readiness Training Center (JRTC) rotation. These Individual Ready Companies (IRC) were even aligned for deployments after the Sheridan’s retirement left the 82nd Airborne with no armored force to accompany it on contingency missions. Combatant command commanders still have the ability to create these teams from forward brigades, such as the deployment of Bradley Fighting Vehicles to Syria to support allied operations, or the deployment of Task Force 1-63 AR during Operation Iraqi Freedom.⁴ This task force deployed to northern Iraq with the 173rd Airborne Brigade in 2003 to conduct reconnaissance in force and to demonstrate coalition resolve. Given that the 173rd and the unit (then stationed in Germany) had trained together, commanders and planners were able to synchronize and work effectively to deter enemy forces from seizing Kirkuk oil fields. These instances demonstrate the ability to integrate these formations, but they were not nearly as efficient as an organic armored asset aligned with that IBCT could have been. The IRC concept and effectiveness do compare with that of a company of MPFs that is co-located within the same division and can frequently train with the unit to ensure successful integration. 

Limitations of Current Weapon Systems

The MPF will keep the IBCT strategically relevant in LSCOs by providing the capability to defeat these threats and to ensure freedom of action and maneuver. An infantry platoon can employ organic anti-tank weapon systems or rely on the battalion weapons company TOW missile trucks to counter these threats at a significant trade-off.⁵ First, these systems lack a maneuverable fire control system. The ITAS and TOW Missile, the Command Launch Unit (CLU) and Javelin and the AT-4 are all capable weapon systems that require a dedicated team to operate; they become increasingly difficult to employ when under direct or indirect fires. TOW missiles require the gunner to track the missile onto its target undisturbed for whole seconds that could instead be better spent displacing to the next firing point; Javelins require an appropriate firing position for a top-down attack; and AT-4s have no guiding system.

Second, these weapon systems have minimal protection. Their portability enables the infantry to maneuver through restrictive terrain and set ambushes for enemy forces; these benefits quickly become burdens if enemy forces can identify and disrupt maneuvering infantry. While these weapon systems are integral to the infantry platoon, they are no replacement for the protection that the MPF will offer in engaging armored targets or enemy strongpoint defenses. The MPF fills the capability gap by providing a survivable platform capable of delivering vehicle and bunker destroying rounds. At 105mm with a variety of round types, the fully stabilized main gun is more than capable of neutralizing bunkers and defeating light enemy armored forces that an IBCT might encounter in theater. Additionally, the MPF preserves the infantry’s organic anti-tank assets by directly filling that role. This enables commanders to better reserve their assets for the appropriate situation and so to maneuver their units more effectively.  

The MPF enables commanders to appropriately scale their responses to armed conflicts. Within the current Brigade Combat Team (BCT) configurations, the only MPF-like alternatives are the M1 Abrams Main Battle Tank or the M1128 Mobile Gun System (MGS). The MGS, while suitable in its initial employment in the Global War on Terror, has lost its utility within the SBCT.⁶ The Dragoon variant of the Stryker, with its 30mm gun and the CROWS-J upgrade, will enable future SBCTs to have more fighting vehicle-like capabilities and the limited capacity to destroy enemy vehicles when stationary. This upgrade makes the SBCT more formidable, but it still lacks the firepower and fire control system that the MPF can bring to the fight. The M1134 Anti-Tank Guided Missile Stryker, along with the dual role of anti-tank and anti-air capabilities of the Mobile Short-Range Air Defense (M-SHORAD) Stryker, partially mitigate the capability gap left by the Army’s decision to divest the MGS in April 2021.⁷  The other MPF-like alternative is the M1 Abrams Main Battle Tank. The venerable M1 is a proven platform capable of destroying all types of targets. However, its increasing weight and logistic requirements make strategic deployments more resource-intensive. Until the Army is able to field the Next-Generation Combat Vehicle and mitigate some of these issues with current design and technology, it will have to expend considerable resources in moving tanks and armor assets from forward-deployed ABCTs to react to conflicts in different areas of interest and areas of operation (AORs).

Contrasting Improvements Offered by the MPF

Given these considerations, the Army has limited capability for projecting armored combat power to potential theaters of combat. Even if strategic lift assets support the rapid deployment of tanks, the Pacific theater’s dense jungles and various islands or the lack of heavy bridges in Africa could impede the M1’s effectiveness. The MPF’s lighter weight allows it to be more transportable and more maneuverable in such environments. Thus, commanders and planners can scale their responses in their respective combatant commands to respond to various types of conflicts more effectively. In Multi-Domain Operations (MDO), the MPF is an essential enabler in ensuring that IBCT units retain their freedom of maneuver and are able to contribute to the Joint Forcible Entry maneuver into contact.

The MPF will enable IBCT subordinate units to conduct effective combined arms maneuver. IBCTs, as compared to SBCTs and ABCTs, currently have limited ability to conduct combined arms maneuver against an LSCO threat. The latter formations have dedicated firepower with fire control systems that enable them to maneuver and fight on the move. Based on JRTC rotations that previously utilized armor enablers from other units, IBCTs typically continued to maneuver without IRC tanks until they met the criteria to pull assets forward.⁸ Reportedly, battalions were already at 70 percent combat power after initial engagement with the opposing force (OPFOR) indirect and direct fires from the OPFOR infantry and fighting vehicles.⁹ The accompanying tank force often found itself unable to occupy templated support by fire positions due to its delayed movement, friendly infantry’s displacement in the enemy’s engagement area, and difficulty maneuvering in restrictive terrain. 

One of the MPF’s major benefits is the ability to maneuver across restrictive terrain with the IBCT. At lower weights, the vehicle is capable of maneuvering with and directly supporting infantry so that commanders will immediately have necessary capabilities. Their improved maneuverability will present the enemy with a complex tactical dilemma. While the vehicles could still become mired, the MPF’s ability to enable friendly forces to defeat armor and strongpoint defenses are worth the risk. HMMWVs have often filled this role, but they are incapable of effectively firing on the move and have significantly less survivability, making them less viable in combined arms maneuver than the MPF. Consequently, maneuver battalions will improve their lethality and ability to win enemy engagements. 

Recent Historic Use of Light Armor in Infantry Formations

First fielded during the Vietnam War, M551 Sheridan tanks replaced the M113A1 Armored Cavalry Assault Vehicle (an M113 with three machine guns with turret shields) and M48 Patton tanks in Cavalry Squadrons. With its lower weight and 152mm rounds, it was expected to perform better as an armored cavalry team.¹⁰ The M551’s performance unfortunately failed to inspire total confidence. While maneuvering was easier, crews dealt with design flaws that caused casualties.¹¹ The aluminum armor made it just as vulnerable to mines as the M113A1 had been and more vulnerable than M48s. Uncased rounds corroborated this, as vehicles hit by mines and sometimes even significant anti-tank fire could cause propellant to spill inside the vehicle, prompting crews to bail out before the enemy could knock the vehicle out. The electronics inside caused further problems in theater, as crews found systems not to be mission-capable when they were in environments with high moisture—again, this was in Vietnam. The doctrine did not match the employment; the vehicle was arguably not as well-suited for assaulting into ambushes as the cavalry team of Armored Cavalry Assault Vehicles and Patton tanks.¹²

Following Vietnam, the Sheridan still proved the utility for light armor during Operation Just Cause. The Army retired M551s into opposing forces units while maintaining a Battalion (4th Battalion, 68th AR, later 3rd Battalion, 73rd Armor Regiment, or 3-73 AR) in the 82nd Airborne Division. Paratroopers, together with M551s, deployed to Panama; they operated as a combined arms team against a surprised enemy force.¹³ Following a heavy-drop that resulted in one inoperable Sheridan, the platform effortlessly destroyed barriers to enable the infantry to maneuver. Snipers, machine gun teams and enemy ambushes failed to decisively engage paratroopers, as the Sheridan would quickly dispose of them with its improved fire control systems and 152mm high-explosive, anti-tank (HEAT) or cannister rounds. The strategic deployment of a combined arms teams of fires, infantry and armored assets enabled a swift end to Operation Just Cause.

3-73 AR demonstrated the utility for mobile protected firepower capabilities in Operation Desert Storm and Operation Desert Shield. Following a massive intratheater air insertion of the entire battalion with the 82nd Airborne Division, M551s easily destroyed strongpoint defenses and secured ports for the 24th Infantry Division and U.S. Marines. These M551s had the tank thermal sight (TTS) upgrade and were able to fight accurately at night, alleviating enemy pressure on the infantry. Machine gun nests limited friendly maneuver only briefly, as 152mm rounds followed by heavy machine gun fire destroyed multiple positions. These defenses would have otherwise reduced combat power and logistical support for friendly forces, if not for MPF-like capabilities. 

While the Army knew it needed to replace the Sheridan to keep pace with advancing capability demands, it was nonetheless intent on maintaining the positive capabilities that the Sheridan had provided; it would make significant strides in this effort in the 1980s until the Gulf War. It started with the XM8 Armored Gun System (AGS).¹⁴ The air-droppable AGS could deliver capabilities similar to those of the M551, but it could do so more reliably, as it was equipped with the proven 105mm cannon. However, the budget could not support its production in 1996, and the program was cancelled. During the Global War on Terror (GWOT), the Army tested the MGS viability as a replacement for MPF-like capabilities in IBCTs, which ultimately never resulted in the MGS integrating into IBCTs. The Army accepted risk by not replacing the M551 earlier, as the GWOT remained the strategic priority for the upcoming years. The once acceptable capability gap became one of the focus points of the Army’s modernization efforts as the Army prioritized MDOs and LSCOs.

Utility of the MPF

Skeptics of the MPF may wonder if IBCTs truly need the MPF in their formations. While historic trends show that appropriate doctrine and employment of armor are paramount to success, senior leaders continually emphasize how the MPF is not a light tank; consequently, commanders do not immediately employ MPFs in frontline battles with other enemy armored forces.¹⁵ The MPF will operate optimally when its use is aligned with the Army Armor branch mission statement, closing in and destroying enemy by fire, maneuver and shock effect.¹⁶

The MPF’s mobility can enable light infantry to maneuver more effectively. This platform is more conducive than previous generations to combined arms maneuver, and it can allow for the relief of infantry caught in decisive engagements in restrictive terrain. The horsepower to weight ratio allows the vehicle to negotiate various restrictive terrains that would otherwise mire an MGS or an M1 Abrams.¹⁷ The M1A2C Abrams is also approaching higher weights that limit both its mobility on Air Force transports and its ability to maneuver through infrastructures such as European bridges or the current M60 Armored Vehicle Launched Bridge. MPFs mobility would also allow it to displace rapidly to support other maneuver battalions, as well as react to threats to lines of support better than HMMWVs or Mine-Resistant Ambush Protected All-Terrain Vehicle (M-ATVs). The MPF is likely more maneuverable than HMMWVs and M-ATVs as a tracked vehicle, and it is definitely more lethal with its ability to fire on the move; the other vehicles in the IBCT are not designed with such sophisticated fire control systems. While they could probably engage on the move, their effectiveness is limited at best. Situations where tanks cannot maneuver to support infantry assaults will likely become less frequent as MPF crews and leaders learn their vehicles’ limits and are able to provide commanders with realistic capabilities so that planners can better determine where the MPF needs to be to make operations successful.

Skeptics may state that the logistic requirements for the MPF could encumber the IBCT’s mobility. In these instances, MPF maintenance and resupplies would become a frequent task for MPF leadership and operational control units to manage. But the requirement for more logistic support and planning should not be a factor in why this platform should not be integrated into IBCTs. Leaders from ABCTs and SBCTs will be able to use their experience to help the IBCT better plan for integration along with the appropriate doctrine, standard operating procedures, and mission-specific considerations. Similar to the K-series Modified Table of Equipment, the consolidation and central management of MPFs is paramount to success. Like the Weapons Company in an IBCT or a Weapons Troop within an SBCT, central management will enable MPF crews to learn best practices in tactics, logistics and leadership prior to their attachment to an IBCT. The MPF companies will then be able to deploy with some of their organic logistic support, knowing what they need to request and at what frequency to enable the unit to properly support their operations. This will become drastically more important as IBCTs begin converting light BCTs that maneuver motorized infantry battalions, which need firepower to keep pace with their units. Thus, the MPFs logistic footprint should not be treated as a limiting factor, but a planning factor for leaders to consider and develop both the proper standard operating procedures and the tactics, techniques and procedures (TTPs) to ensure success.

The MPF brings necessary firepower to the IBCT’s fight. The 105mm cannon, the coaxial 7.62mm machine gun and the externally mounted .50 caliber machine are the primary armaments for the MPF. The IBCT can only benefit from precision firepower that the fire control system is capable of bringing to the fight. The main gun will likely use legacy rounds that the MGS used: HEAT rounds for fighting vehicles, Sabot rounds for tanks, high-explosive plastic for obstacles, and cannister for massed infantry. This sort of firepower can provide commanders with the ability to respond to various threats that would have taken a dismounted anti-tank team or a TOW HMMWV into the fight. The MPF has a unique ability to better react to contact than the other teams. Anti-tank teams and HMMWVs function well in the ambush, but they are drastically less likely to destroy the enemy when responding to an aggressive armored threat. Under pressure, it can be difficult for these teams to properly acquire a target. The Carl Gustav rockets or AT4s may not guarantee an immediate kill, meaning the vehicle could potentially engage friendly forces and reduce combat power. Javelins and TOWs have a higher probability of kill, but they still require the gunners or crew to remain vulnerable to direct and indirect fires. The MPF can fight better on the move, allowing these teams to function under significantly less duress to destroy armored threats.

The MPF will bring better protection than other vehicles in the IBCT, but it is important to note that it cannot bring the same level of protection that a tank might field. Given that the MPF will use scalable armor packages to augment its survivability, commanders must understand that the Mobile Protected Firepower has been deliberately named to not give the impression of a main battle tank. These packages, similar to the urban upgrades that the Abrams received during GWOT (TUSKs, i.e., Tank Urban Survival Kits), will further enable the vehicle to fight alongside IBCT units in cities.¹⁸ Contrary to some opinions, tanks and armored vehicles have fought and will continue to fight in cities. Their commitment to the fight must be well-regulated, but MPF-like platforms have enabled more effective and efficient fighting within cities. Rather than avoid this reality, our Army should embrace the concept and continue to refine armor employment within cities and megacities.

The MPF will likely not be able to push through Rocket-Propelled Grenade volleys or survive tank rounds. Instead, it will be capable of offering enough protection to survive enemy fighting vehicles to augment dismounted troops’ survivability. The addition of active protection systems, such as the Trophy System, will serve to improve its survivability against anti-tank guided missiles and even against rocket-propelled grenades; together, these can enable the MPF, along with dismounted infantry, to continue the fight both in open and mounted AORs. While the crew is (relatively) safe from small arms fire and higher caliber rounds, the MPF will have the capability to engage with the combined arms team, enabling them to better mass effects in the right times and spaces to defeat enemy attacks and defenses. The MPF can regulate what was once a haphazard fight with the enemy forces, supporting dismounted commanders by providing more options to react to contact and defeat enemy forces.

Shock effect is the element that will truly make the MPF invaluable to commanders at any echelon. The ability to deliver precision direct fires from terrain previously thought of as too restrictive for armor to maneuver through will continually shrink as the MPF integrates and receives upgrades. Enemy strongpoint defenses that would have otherwise pinned infantry units down will continue to dwindle; this is exactly the way history’s first tanks broke stalemates in World War I. Next-generation enemy vehicles and upgraded older platforms will become less destructive threats to the infantry as the MPF—and supported infantry or mounted anti-tank teams—will be able to effectively engage and destroy these targets. The multiple tactical dilemmas given by these “spontaneous” combined arms teams will force them to make hard decisions that will allow IBCTs to remain strategically viable against more enemy formations. As the Army codifies the primary method for deploying the MPF to theater, its insertion along with IBCTs will become easier to plan and will begin to integrate shock effect to break the enemy’s tempo and conduct successful operations. 

Conclusion

Since the end of World War II, the Army has continuously made an effort to maintain MPF-like capabilities. Even as these initiatives dwindled during the GWOT, the need for this capability continues to resonate with IBCT leaders today; it is something that they know will augment their operations and generate options for them to react to contact. MPF is a capability that must be maintained for IBCTs to remain formidable as the Army transitions to MDO and LSCO. After the delay during GWOT, it seems that the Army is working toward closing the capability gap. It is worth thinking about future MPF augmentations in light of what was discussed above regarding the utility of the MPF. What will the Army do to maintain and upgrade overmatch in fire, mobility, protection and shock effect?

One likely upgrade depends on the ability to integrate more unmanned ground vehicles, unmanned aerial vehicles and AI networks into the force.¹⁹ Robots that could automatically seek refueling stations, conduct resupply and return to crews is just one of hundreds of opportunities that could secure integration between people and machines. This would undoubtedly put less risk on Soldiers conducting resupply and present less of a target to enemy forces. Unmanned ground vehicles and unmanned aerial vehicles could also be used to mitigate the need for scouts with the MPF or combined arms teams. On-board artificial intelligence could help generate synopses for radio transmissions during engagements or help crews slew the turret to their next most dangerous targets. 

The MPFs doctrine development is just as important as its acquisition. It is likely to be used just like an Abrams by virtue of its aesthetic, which could prove detrimental to its integration into the combined arms team. This is no different from commanders in World War II receiving a tank destroyer company and proceeding to use them as though they were Sherman tanks. The accompanying doctrine and TTPs must match the mission set and intent for the MPF, or its misuse may deter future investment into making the platform better suited for supporting IBCT operations.²⁰ 

The IBCT can undoubtedly continue to fight without an MPF platform to support its maneuvers. However, this comes with unnecessary risks that the MPF can mitigate. There is a reason why the MPF is one of many iterations (Stuart, Chaffee, Bulldog and Sheridan tanks) in the endeavor to have a light armored platform that can deliver precision fires.²¹ The ability to field combined arms teams is important in maintaining overmatch with near-peer threats and in responding to various threats. This platform will enable the IBCT to remain tactically formidable and strategically mobile while reducing casualties that would occur if the troops did not have direct fire support to counter strongpoint threats and armored threats. The transition from COIN to LSCO is the perfect opportunity to invest in a capability that will help accomplish the mission, implement a better combined arms team into IBCTs and mitigate casualties through fire, maneuver and shock effect in the next armed conflict.

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The authors would like to extend a special thanks to Dr. Robert S. Cameron, the U.S. Army’s Armor Branch Historian. Dr. Cameron was instrumental in ensuring historical accuracy when tracing the development and the use of light tanks.

Lieutenant Colonel Ben Ferguson commands 3rd Battalion, 81st Armor Regiment at the Maneuver Center of Excellence, Fort Benning, Georgia. His previous assignments include Professor of Military Science, Boston University; Cobra 02, Fort Irwin, California; Squadron Operations and Executive Officer, 6th Squadron, 1st Cavalry Regiment, Fort Bliss, Texas; and Commander, Company A, 3rd Battalion, 8th Cavalry Regiment, Fort Hood, Texas. He has attended the Command and General Staff College, the Armor Captain’s Career Course and Basic Course, Airborne School, and the Scout and Cavalry Leader Courses. Ferguson has a BA in History from Kings College and an MA in Public Policy Management from Georgetown University. His awards and decorations include the Bronze Star Medal with V device and the Purple Heart. 

Captain Lennard Salcedo is the Plans Officer for 3-81 Armor, 199th Infantry Brigade, Fort Benning, Georgia. His previous assignments include Maintenance-Control Officer, 1st Squadron, 14th Cavalry Regiment, 1st SBCT, 2nd Infantry Division, Joint Base Lewis-McChord, WA; Platoon Leader, 1-14 Cavalry, 1-2 SBCT; and Squadron Adjutant, 1-14 Cavalry, 1-2 SBCT. Salcedo has attended the Air-Assault School, the Armor Basic Officer Leader Course, the Scout Leader Course, the Stryker Leader Course and the Maneuver Leader’s Maintenance Course. He has a BS in Psychology from the U.S. Military Academy at West Point.